Saving Energy

SAVE ENERGY SAVE FUEL  

TIPS ON ENERGY SAVING

IN HOME APPLIANCES AND ELECTRICITY SAFETY

The Domestic Sector accounts for 30% of total energy consumption in the country. There is a

tremendous scope to conserve energy by adopting simple measures.

This information is a guide, which offers easy, practical solutions for saving energy in Home

Appliances. Please, take a few moments to read the valuable tips that will save energy & money

and ultimately help conserve our natural resources.

It would be useful to know which gadget consumes how much electricity. Economic use of home

appliances can help in reducing electricity bills.



By following these simple tips one can save energy to a large extent.

Lighting

Ø Turn off the lights when not in use

Ø Take advantage of daylight by using light-colored, loose-weave curtains on your windows

to allow daylight to penetrate the room. Also, decorate with lighter colors that reflect

daylight

Ø De-dust lighting fixtures to maintain illumination

Ø Use task lighting; instead of brightly lighting an entire room, focus the light where you need

it

Ø Compact fluorescent bulbs are four times more energy efficient than incandescent bulbs

and provide the same lighting

Ø Use electronic chokes in place of conventional copper chokes

Fans

Ø Replace conventional regulators with electronic regulators for ceiling fans

Ø Install exhaust fans at a higher elevation than ceiling fans

Electric iron

Ø Select iron boxes with automatic temperature cutoff

Ø Use appropriate regulator position for ironing

Ø Do not put more water on clothes while ironing

Ø Do not iron wet clothes

Kitchen Appliances

Ø Mixers

§ Avoid dry grinding in your food processors ( mixers and grinders) as it takes longer

time than liquid grinding

Ø Microwaves ovens

§ Consumes 50 % less energy than conventional electric / gas stoves

§ Do not bake large food items

§ Unless you're baking breads or pastries, you may not even need to preheat

§ Don't open the oven door too often to check food condition as each opening leads to a

temperature drop of 25°C

Ø Electric stove

§ Turn off electric stoves several minutes before the specified cooking time

§ Use flat-bottomed pans that make full contact with the cooking coil

Tips on Energy Savings Page 3 of 5

Ø Gas stove

§ When cooking on a gas burner, use moderate flame settings to conserve LPG

§ Remember that a blue flame means your gas stove is operating efficiently

§ Yellowish flame is an indicator that the burner needs cleaning

§ Use pressure cookers as much as possible

§ Use lids to cover the pans while cooking

§ Bring items taken out of refrigerators (like vegetables, milk etc) to room temperature

before placing on the gas stove for heating

Ø Use Solar Water Heater – a good replacement for a electric water heater

Electronic Devices

Ø Do not switch on the power when TV and Audio Systems are not in use i.e. idle operation

leads to an energy loss of 10 watts/device

Computers

Ø Turn off your home office equipment when not in use. A computer that runs 24 hours a

day, for instance, uses - more power than an energy-efficient refrigerator.

Ø If your computer must be left on, turn off the monitor; this device alone uses more than half

the system's energy.

Ø Setting computers, monitors, and copiers to use sleep-mode when not in use helps cut

energy costs by approximately 40%.

Ø Battery chargers, such as those for laptops, cell phones and digital cameras, draw power

whenever they are plugged in and are very inefficient. Pull the plug and save.

Ø Screen savers save computer screens, not energy. Start-ups and shutdowns do not use

any extra energy, nor are they hard on your computer components. In fact, shutting

computers down when you are finished using them actually reduces system wear - and

saves energy

Refrigerator

Ø Regularly defrost manual-defrost refrigerators and freezers; frost buildup increases the

amount of energy needed to keep the motor running.

Ø Leave enough space between your refrigerator and the walls so that air can easily

circulate around the refrigerator

Ø Don't keep your refrigerator or freezer too cold.

Ø Make sure your refrigerator door seals are airtight

Ø Cover liquids and wrap foods stored in the refrigerator. Uncovered foods release moisture

and make the compressor work harder.

Ø Do not open the doors of the refrigerators frequently

Ø Don't leave the fridge door open for longer than necessary, as cold air will escape.

Ø Use smaller cabinets for storing frequently used items

Ø Avoid putting hot or warm food straight into the fridge

Tips on Energy Savings Page 4 of 5

Washing machines

Ø Always wash only with full loads

Ø Use optimal quantity of water

Ø Use timer facility to save energy

Ø Use the correct amount of detergent

Ø Use hot water only for very dirty clothes

Ø Always use cold water in the rinse cycle

Ø Prefer natural drying over electric dryers

Air Conditioners

Ø Prefer air conditioners having automatic temperature cut off

Ø Keep regulators at “low cool” position

Ø Operate the ceiling fan in conjunction with your window air conditioner to spread the

cooled air more effectively throughout the room and operate the air conditioner at higher

temperature

Ø Seal the doors and windows properly

Ø Leave enough space between your air conditioner and the walls to allow better air

circulation

Ø A roof garden can reduce the load on Air Conditioner

Ø Use windows with sun films/curtains

Ø Set your thermostat as high as comfortably possible in the summer. The less difference

between the indoor and outdoor temperatures, the lower will be energy consumption.

Ø Don't set your thermostat at a colder setting than normal when you turn on your air

conditioner. It will not cool your home any faster and could result in excessive cooling.

Ø Don't place lamps or TV sets near your air-conditioning thermostat. The thermostat senses

heat from these appliances, which can cause the air conditioner to run longer than

necessary.

Ø Plant trees or shrubs to shade air-conditioning units but not to block the airflow. A unit

operating in the shade uses as much as 10% less electricity than the same one operating

in the sun.

Tips on Energy Savings Page 5 of 5

Electrical Safety Tips for Homes

Electrical Hazards

Ø Shocks

§ Electric Shock causes an involuntary grip which prolongs the period of contact.

§ More the period of contact, more the damage

§ Passage of current through the heart , stops the blood supply to the brain , resulting in

loss of consciousness and termination of breathing

§ When a person standing at a height receives an electrical shock , it is most likely that

he will fall

§ Personal sensitivity to electrical shock varies from person to person

Ø Burns

§ Whenever an electrical flash appears, and if a part of a body comes within flashing

distance, burns can be caused

§ Burns may be caused by short circuits as well, because a short circuit could create an

electrical fire
Fuels are NOT EVERLASTING. ENERGY SAVING  IS RETAINING NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROPERTY SAVING
Preventive Measures

Ø Allow only a qualified person to attend to your electrical repairs

Ø Service your electrical equipment at frequent intervals through a competent electrician

Ø In case of a short circuit or a fire, switch off the mains instantly Make sure that you have

easy access to switch off the supply source quickly, in case of an emergency

Ø Make sure your extension cords are free from cuts, improper insulation, or joints

Ø Ensure pins of your plugs are tight and not loose

Ø Use switches of the correct current rating and preferably with indicators to indicate whether

the switch is ON/OFF

Ø Use appliances with 3 pin plugs and connect them to 3 pin sockets

Ø Do not overload electrical outlets or use extension cords in place of additional outlets

Ø Switch off electrical appliances when not in use

Ø Provide proper earthing for the building/house

DULONG (1820) = (80.8 x C) + (344.6 x H) – (43.1 x O) + (25 x S)		BOIE (1953) = (84 x C) + (277.7 x H) – (26.5 x O) + (15.0 x N) + (25 x S)
SEYLER (1938) = (123.9 x C) + (388.1 x H) + (25 x O2) - 4269		NEAVEL (1986) = (81.05 x C) + (316.4 x H) – (29.9 x O) + (23.9 x S) - (3.5x Ash)
MOTT & SPOONER (1940) OXYGEN < 15% = (80.3 x C) + (339 x H) - (34.7 x O) + (22.5 x S)		GIVEN (1986) = (78.3 x C) + (339.1 x H) – (33.0 x O) + (22.1 x S) + 152
MOTT & SPOONER (1940) OXYGEN > 15% = (80.3 x C) + (339 x H) - (36.6 x O) + (0.17 x O2) + 22.5 x S NOTE: these formulas are not valid for coal blends.  Design   Efficiency sizing calculation  for CFB BOILER                                                                                                                                                     FIRST STEP  :::COMPOSITION OF FUEL TO BE USED IS VERY MUCH ESSENTIAL TO KNOW BEFORE GOING FOR SIZING CALCULATION OF BOILER AND BOILER COMPONENTS EXAMPLE Let the composition of Coal   Ash: 45%  Carbon: C= 25.90%  Hydrogen  H2 = 3.80% Oxygen O2= 8.50% Nitrogen N2= 1.80% Sulphur S=00.00% Moisture = 15% HHV=(ARB) 14233.556 KJ/KG               ARB  =AS RECEIVED BASIS Amount of air required per kg of fuel Theoretical dry air required MDA=[ [ 11.53 *C+34.34 *(H-O/8)+ 4.34 *S +A*S]  ]  PUTTING THE ABOVE VALUES FROM THE ABOVE MENTIONED ULTIMATE ANALYSIS  CONSIDERING  A= 2.38 FOR S CAPTURE A=0 FOR NO SULPHUR FUEL . MDA=  3.926  KG/KG of FUEL

AVOGADROS LAW SIMPLIFIED

PLEASE TAKE SAY THREE EQUAL VOLUME  CONTAINERS -----  IT MAY BE  n NUMBERS OF             



FILL THIS CONTAINERS WITH DIFFERENT GASES    G1,G2,G3,.........,Gn

NOW WHAT I AM DOING

I AM MAKING PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE OF ALL THE CONTAINERS EQUAL

now if we count number of  molecules in each containers 

we will find the numbers are same in each containers



other expression based on above hypothesis

molecular volume of gases under same pressure and temperature is same for gases.


NOW WE CONCENTRATE A  SINGLE CONTAINER AND DEDUCE SOMETHING WHICH WILL BE APPLICABLE TO ALL CONTAINERS.


mathematical expression

pv= MRT

V MOL = MRT/p = 8314 T/p                             T= DEGREE KELVIN
                                                                          p= N/M^2
                                                                           V= M^3

UNIVERSAL GAS CONSTANT AND MOL VOLUME OF A GAS AT STP

The UNIVERSAL GAS CONSTANT (MR) of any gas is
8314 J/KG MOL degree K.

MOL volume of a gas at STP

V mol= 0.08314 T/p  M^3    where T= 15 deg C  p=1.013254.

Characteristic Gas Constant 

CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUEL

YOU TAKE I KG OF FUEL EITHER SOLID OR LIQUID
YOU REQUIRE TO BURN IT FULLY SO ALL HEAT IS LIBERATED FROM THE FUEL.
THE AMOUNT OF HEAT LIBERATED IS ITS CALORIFIC VALUE.
ITS UNIT WILL BE KJ/KG (KILO JOULE/KILOGRAM)

FOR GASEOUS FUELS IT CAN EXPRESSED AS KJ/CUBIC METER (KJ/ M^3) OF GAS AT (STP) STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE.


NOW UTILIZATION OF THE HEAT

HYDROGEN BURNS TO FORM STEAM. ALSO IF THE FUEL CONTAINS MOISTURE . THIS TAKE AWAY SOME HEAT FROM THE FUEL WHILE FORMING STEAM.
WHEN THIS STEAM IS CONDENSED AGAIN AT ITS INITIAL TEMPERATURE AT WHICH TEMPERATURE YOU STARTED TO BURN THE FUEL. WITH THIS PROCESS  TOTAL HEAT OF THE FUEL  CAN BE DETERMINED.
THIS  HEAT VALUE IS  HIGHER CALORIC VALUE OF THE FUEL.

IN PRACTICE HEAT CARRIED AWAY BY STEAM IS NOT UTILIZED , BUT YOU HAVE TO KNOW THE NET HEAT VALUE GENERATED BY THE FUEL.
THIS NET HEAT VALUE IS ITS LOWER CALORIFIC VALUE

HEAT TAKEN AWAY BY STEAM IS THE MASS OF STEAM AND THE LATENT HEAT OF STEAM FORMATION AT THAT CONDITION.

COMMON PRACTICE IS TO TAKE THE CONDITION AT 15 DEGREE CENTIGRADE

LATENT HEAT AT SATURATION TEMPERATURE OF STEAM IS 2466 KJ/KG.

IF P IS THE AMOUNT OF STEAM

SO

LCV= HCV-Px2466 KJ/KG.


  

CFBC BOILER KNOWLEDGE

Viewers are cordially invited to CONTACT AT kaacconsultant@gmail.com  for knowledge and experience sharing.

steam turbine speed control governor

In a Steam Turbine system we control it's speed that is Turbine needs to rotate at fixed speed. Now if we want to add some additional load say if we want to raise its Power output, speed will tend to reduce as equivalent amount of heat energy is not available at that moment . Now at that condition we have to introduce more steam that is heat energy to increase that load maintained at the same speed. Now how that steam will be introduced in the turbine either someone has to operate the control valve or through some mechanized arrangement. that mechanized arrangement is its governing system. Which is either hydraulic or electro hydraulic . 
Now take the case of load increase as the speed of the turbine tends to decrease, in case of a fully hydraulic governing system , a pump which is mounted in the governing system through some gear arrangement at turbine main shaft receives oil and produces a fixed discharge pressure(This is your primary oil pressure) corresponding to the preset rotation per minute,  will also reduce as when the speed of the turbine reduced , the pump speed also reduced as it is coupled with gear arrangement. This reduced oil pressure will facilitate to introduce more secondary oil pressure in to the pilot valve which is through its hydraulic piston system will open steam entry valve to turbine , as more stem will enter into the turbine its speed will increase, now two phenomenon will occur simultaneously, primary oil pressure will rise as turbine speed has increased and one feedback mechanism fitted in the pilot valve will restrict pilot valve movement and controlled secondary oil will try to maintain the rated speed. 
Now it is the function of secondary oil and primary oil. 
Now how to protect the turbine if we want stop or trip the turbine when it is dangerous for the machine. This is the function of the trip oil. Trip oil generates from control oil which is through some mechanical device and through some solenoid valves are routed throughout the governing system. It has the mechanism to be drained rapidly so trip oil drains and blocks the oil passage of control oil. Mostly by spring arrangement steam stop valve(ESV) and control valve(regulating valve) stem stops to turbine. 
ANY HOW THIS ARE VERY BRIEF DESCRIPTION .

Now more sophisticated mechanism has been introduced which is electro hydraulic control . This system maintains turbine speed almost steady at all load condition with minimum variation.

Details on contact to kaacconsultant@gmail.com