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make up water
there are always losses of condensate and water in the water steam circuit. the water added in the feed water to make up for the losses generally termed as makeup water or simply makeup.
percentage of make up = (quantity of make up water/quantity of feed water) x 100
percentage of make up = (quantity of make up water/quantity of feed water) x 100
Sunday, September 28, 2008
Saturday, September 27, 2008
Dear Friend fro Ludhiana ,India
Thank you for your query, you have identified the surface condenser tube leakage and rectified it. This information will be really helpful to other hundreds and thousands of power plant proffessionals . and Keeping the objective it will be mutually beneficial to all of sharing knowledge and experience.
Sunday, September 14, 2008
Wednesday, August 13, 2008
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Hide out corrosion
Dear friend, Hide out corrosion occurs under the layers of sludges on water side surfaces . suppose suspended substances form the solid phase. with hide out corrosion the metal suffers local damage. The pits or cavities that form on the metal takes the shape of a shell . Damage of this kind usually occurs underneath the layers.
Friday, July 25, 2008
Steam Water Balance
Dear friend from Bangladesh,
When considering the basic flow diagram of a thermal power plant following flows of feedwater system can be considered a) turbine condensate b)heat distribution system heaters c) regenerative systems condensate d) chemically treated water from water treatment plant. Turbine condensates which is recycled back is also chemically treated rather termed as water conditioning to suit boiler, turbine,heaters, and other equipments metallurgical and variable process requirements to protect against scaling & corrosion,
When considering the basic flow diagram of a thermal power plant following flows of feedwater system can be considered a) turbine condensate b)heat distribution system heaters c) regenerative systems condensate d) chemically treated water from water treatment plant. Turbine condensates which is recycled back is also chemically treated rather termed as water conditioning to suit boiler, turbine,heaters, and other equipments metallurgical and variable process requirements to protect against scaling & corrosion,
Tuesday, July 8, 2008
Turbine Condensate
Dear friend Shrutt
1.Let a natural circulation boiler having Steam Pressure of 40 Kg/Cm2, hardness of turbine condensate must not be over 10 microgram-equivalent/kg.
2. When steam pressure is in between 40 Kg/Cm2 to 100 kg/cm2 hardness of turbine condensate should be restricted to 5 microgram-equivalent/Kg
3. When it is greater than above two cases hardness must not exceed 1 microgram-equivqalent/Kg
4. for once through system it is restricted to 0.5 microgram-equivalent/Kg
1.Let a natural circulation boiler having Steam Pressure of 40 Kg/Cm2, hardness of turbine condensate must not be over 10 microgram-equivalent/kg.
2. When steam pressure is in between 40 Kg/Cm2 to 100 kg/cm2 hardness of turbine condensate should be restricted to 5 microgram-equivalent/Kg
3. When it is greater than above two cases hardness must not exceed 1 microgram-equivqalent/Kg
4. for once through system it is restricted to 0.5 microgram-equivalent/Kg
Thursday, June 19, 2008
Water Chemistry {Prevention of Corrosion}
Dear Mr. Pathak
About High Alkalinity correction method (treatment with ammonia only)
Appreciably this method differs from the alkaline one in that a high Ph value 9.4 -9.5 is maintained in the water condensate circuit at the expence of high ammonia concentration in water. Replacement of the brass tubes is necessary by steel tubes ( made by pearl tic grade).
Please remember at Ph>9.1 corrosion of copper tubes proceed at higher rates and concentration of copper in feedwater increases .Turbine blades are deposited with copper settles . Steam turbine efficiency decreases.
There are many effective and informative e-zine articles, E Books are available in the internet which are free to read for the above and related issues .
About High Alkalinity correction method (treatment with ammonia only)
Appreciably this method differs from the alkaline one in that a high Ph value 9.4 -9.5 is maintained in the water condensate circuit at the expence of high ammonia concentration in water. Replacement of the brass tubes is necessary by steel tubes ( made by pearl tic grade).
Please remember at Ph>9.1 corrosion of copper tubes proceed at higher rates and concentration of copper in feedwater increases .Turbine blades are deposited with copper settles . Steam turbine efficiency decreases.
There are many effective and informative e-zine articles, E Books are available in the internet which are free to read for the above and related issues .
Wednesday, June 18, 2008
Water Treatment preliminary learning
STANDARD SOLUTION PREPARATION:
1. N/50 EDTA SOLUTION: - 3.724 gm. OF ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRAACETIC ACID DISODIUM SALT DISSOLVED IN 1000 ml DISTILLED WATER.
2. N/50 HCL SOLUTION: - 1.8 ml OF CONC. HCL MIXED WITH 1000 ml. OF DISTILLED WATER.
3. N/50 AgNO3 SOLUTION: - 3.398 gm. OF SILVER NITRATE DISSOLVED IN 1000 ml. OF DISTILLED WATER.
4. AMMONIA BUFFER SOLUTION: - 67.6 gm. OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE AND 568 ml. OF AMMONIUM HYDRAUXIDE MIXED UP IN 1000ml. OF DISTILLED WATER.
5. ERIOCHROME BLACK T INDICATOR: - 0.25 ERIOCHROME BLACK T AND 0.25 gm OF HYDRAUXL AMMONIUM HYDROCHLORIDE DISSOLVED IN 50 ml ETHANOL.
6. PHENOPTHALEIN INDICATOR SOLUTON:- 0.25 gm OF PHENOPTHALEIN DISSOLVED IN 50 ml. OF WATER
7. METHYL ORANGE INDICATOR SOLUTION:- 0.1 gm. METHYL ORANGE DISSOLVED IN 100 ml. WATER
8. POTASSIUM CHROMATE SOLUTION :- 5 gm. OF POTASSIUM CHROMATE DISSOLVED IN 100 ml. OF DISTILLED WATER.
9. MUREDIX INDICATOR :- 0.5 gm. OF MUREDIX WITH 100 gm. NaCl
10. HCL SOLUTION :- 100 ml. HYDROCHLORIC ACID MAKE UP IN 100 ml. OF DISTILLED WATER.
11. 10% AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE SOLUTION :- 20 gm. AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE DISSOLVED IN 200 ml. DISTILLED WATER.
12. 10% OXALIC ACID SOLUTION:- 20 gm. OF OXALIC ACID DISSOLVED IN 200 ml. DISTILLED WATER.
13. A.N.S.A. SOLUTION:- 0.25 gm. AMINO NAPTHOL SULPHONIC ACID , 0.5 gm. SODIUMSULPHATE AND 8.25 gm. SODIUM META BI SULPHITE DISSOLVED IN 200 ml. DISTILLED WATER.
14. PHOSPHATE 1 SOLUTION:- 0.85 ml. NITRIC ACID 63 ml. SULPHURIC ACID AND 7.85 gm. AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE DISSOLVED IN 200 ml. DISTILLE WATER.
15. PHOSPHATE 2 SOLUTION:- 0.15 gm. AMINO NAPTHOL SULPHONIC ACID , 8.4 M. SODIUM SULPHITE & 14 gm. SODIUM META BI SULPHITE DISSOLVED IN 200ml. WATER
16. HCL SOLUTION:- 20 ml. CONC. HCL AND DISTILLED WATER 200 ml. MIX.
17. P-DIMETHYL AMINO BENZELDEHYDE SOLUTION :- 15 gm. PDAB DISSOLVED IN CONC. HCL AND MAKE UP WITH DISTILLED WATER UP TO 500ml.
INDICATIVE TYPICAL WATER QUALITY PARAMETES;
PARAMETERS
RAW WATER
SOFT WATER
D.M.WATER
Ph
7.8- 8.0
7.8-8.0
6.8-7.2
CONDUCTIVITY
1000-1100
1000-1100
< 1
TDS IN ppm
670-750
670-750
< 1
TOTAL HARDNESS AS CACO3 IN ppm
250-300
0-50
NOT DETECTABLE
CALCIUM HARDNESS AS CACO3 IN ppm
200 MAX
35 MAX
NOT DETECTABLE
MAGNESIUM HARDNESS AS CACO3 IN ppm
100 MAX
10 MAX
NOT DETECTABLE
TURBIDITY IN NTU
<1
<1
<1
P ALKALINITY AS CACO3 IN ppm
NIL
NIL
NIL
M ALKALINITY AS CACO3 IN ppm
200- 220
200-220
NIL
CHLORIDE AS CACO3 IN ppm
250-300
250-300
NIL
SILICA AS SIO2 IN ppm
5-10
5-10
<0.02
ABOVE PARAMETERS ARE INDICATIVE ONLY IT WILL VARY PLACE TO PLACE AND SOURCE OF WATER. .WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS ARE TO BE CHECKED BEFORE DECIDING WATER TEATMENT PROCESS SELECTION AND APPLIATION OF SUITABLE TECHNOLOGY
THE PROCESS OF DEMINERALISATION:
THE MOST BASIC PROCESS OF DEMINERALISATION THROUGH ION EXCHANGE IS TWO STAGE DEMINERALISATION . THE FIRST STAGE IS REMOVAL OF CATION FOLLOWED BY REMOVAL OF ANIONS.
THE CATION EXCHANGE UNIT CONTAINS A STRONG ACID CATION EXCHANGER IN A REGENERATED FORM. THE EXCHANGER TAKES UP CATIONS IN WATER IN EXCHANE OF HYDROGEN IONS WHICH IT GIVES UP .
THE CATIONS LIKE CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND SODIUM EXIST IN THE FORM OF CHLORIDE, SULPHATE CARBINATE AND BICARBONATE SALTS WHICH GETS CONVERTED TO THEIR EQUIVALENT ACIDS.
CHEMICAL REACTION
NACL + RH = R NA + HCL
SODIUM HYDROGEN SODIUM
CHLORIDE EXCHANGER EXCHANGER
MGSO4 + RH = R2 MG + H2SO4
MAGNESIUM HYDROGEN MAGNESIUM
SULPHATE EXCHANGER EXCHANGER
CA(HCO3) + RH = R2CA + H2CO3
(CO2+H20)
RENEGERATION
RNA + HCL = RH + NA, CA MG CHLORIDESALTS
RCA + H2SO4 = RH + NA, CA MG
SULPHATE
SODIUM, MAGNESIUM, ACID
CALCIUM EXCHANGER
ANION EXCHANGE
HCL + ROH = RCL + H20
HYDRAUXIL CHLORIDE
EXCHANGER EXCHANGER
H2SO4 + ROH = R2SO4 + H20
HYDRAUXIL
EXCHANGER
REGENERATION
RCL + NAOH = ROH + NACL
R2SO4 + 2NAOH = 2ROH + NA2SO4
CARBONATES /BICARBONATES IN THE CATION EXCHANGE PROCESS ARE CONVERTED TO CARBONIC ACID WHICH DISSOCIATES AS IT IS A WEAK ACID, INTO CABONDIOXIDE AND WATER. THIS CARBON DIOXIDE IS REMOVED BY DEGASSED AIR. OTHERWISE IT WOUL BE ABSORBED BY THE STRONG BASE ANON EXCHANGER.
THE STRONG ACID CATION, WEAK BASE ANION,AND STRONG BASE ANION EXCHANGERS ARE REGENERATED WITH SPECIFIC QUALITIES OF ACID AND ALKALI.TO GET A SPECIFIC EXCHANGE CAPACITY . WHEN THIS CAPACITY IS EHAUSTED THE QUALITY OF TREATED WATER DETERIORATES, POINTING TO THE NEED FOR REGENERATION.
WATER SOFTENING
WHEN RAW WATER PASSES THROUGH THE ION EXCHANGE WATER SOFTENER CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IONS IN THE RAW WATER ARE EXCHANGED FOR SODIUM IONS.
THERE IS NO DESCREASE IN THE TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS CONTENT OF THE TREATED WATER.
THERE IS NO CHANGE IN THE PH OR TOTAL ALKALINITY CONTENT.
THE SPECIFIED OUTPUT OF THE SOFTENER IS BASED ON SPECIFIED RAW WATER HARDNESS, IF THERE IS AN INCREASE IN RAW WATER HARDNESS THERE WILL BE A PROPORTIONATE DECREASE IN CAPACITY.
THE RAW WATER HARDNESS MUST BE CHECKED PERIODICALLY.
TREATED WATER HARDNESS MONITORING IS REQUIRED AT THE END OF THE RINSE
1. N/50 EDTA SOLUTION: - 3.724 gm. OF ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRAACETIC ACID DISODIUM SALT DISSOLVED IN 1000 ml DISTILLED WATER.
2. N/50 HCL SOLUTION: - 1.8 ml OF CONC. HCL MIXED WITH 1000 ml. OF DISTILLED WATER.
3. N/50 AgNO3 SOLUTION: - 3.398 gm. OF SILVER NITRATE DISSOLVED IN 1000 ml. OF DISTILLED WATER.
4. AMMONIA BUFFER SOLUTION: - 67.6 gm. OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE AND 568 ml. OF AMMONIUM HYDRAUXIDE MIXED UP IN 1000ml. OF DISTILLED WATER.
5. ERIOCHROME BLACK T INDICATOR: - 0.25 ERIOCHROME BLACK T AND 0.25 gm OF HYDRAUXL AMMONIUM HYDROCHLORIDE DISSOLVED IN 50 ml ETHANOL.
6. PHENOPTHALEIN INDICATOR SOLUTON:- 0.25 gm OF PHENOPTHALEIN DISSOLVED IN 50 ml. OF WATER
7. METHYL ORANGE INDICATOR SOLUTION:- 0.1 gm. METHYL ORANGE DISSOLVED IN 100 ml. WATER
8. POTASSIUM CHROMATE SOLUTION :- 5 gm. OF POTASSIUM CHROMATE DISSOLVED IN 100 ml. OF DISTILLED WATER.
9. MUREDIX INDICATOR :- 0.5 gm. OF MUREDIX WITH 100 gm. NaCl
10. HCL SOLUTION :- 100 ml. HYDROCHLORIC ACID MAKE UP IN 100 ml. OF DISTILLED WATER.
11. 10% AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE SOLUTION :- 20 gm. AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE DISSOLVED IN 200 ml. DISTILLED WATER.
12. 10% OXALIC ACID SOLUTION:- 20 gm. OF OXALIC ACID DISSOLVED IN 200 ml. DISTILLED WATER.
13. A.N.S.A. SOLUTION:- 0.25 gm. AMINO NAPTHOL SULPHONIC ACID , 0.5 gm. SODIUMSULPHATE AND 8.25 gm. SODIUM META BI SULPHITE DISSOLVED IN 200 ml. DISTILLED WATER.
14. PHOSPHATE 1 SOLUTION:- 0.85 ml. NITRIC ACID 63 ml. SULPHURIC ACID AND 7.85 gm. AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE DISSOLVED IN 200 ml. DISTILLE WATER.
15. PHOSPHATE 2 SOLUTION:- 0.15 gm. AMINO NAPTHOL SULPHONIC ACID , 8.4 M. SODIUM SULPHITE & 14 gm. SODIUM META BI SULPHITE DISSOLVED IN 200ml. WATER
16. HCL SOLUTION:- 20 ml. CONC. HCL AND DISTILLED WATER 200 ml. MIX.
17. P-DIMETHYL AMINO BENZELDEHYDE SOLUTION :- 15 gm. PDAB DISSOLVED IN CONC. HCL AND MAKE UP WITH DISTILLED WATER UP TO 500ml.
INDICATIVE TYPICAL WATER QUALITY PARAMETES;
PARAMETERS
RAW WATER
SOFT WATER
D.M.WATER
Ph
7.8- 8.0
7.8-8.0
6.8-7.2
CONDUCTIVITY
1000-1100
1000-1100
< 1
TDS IN ppm
670-750
670-750
< 1
TOTAL HARDNESS AS CACO3 IN ppm
250-300
0-50
NOT DETECTABLE
CALCIUM HARDNESS AS CACO3 IN ppm
200 MAX
35 MAX
NOT DETECTABLE
MAGNESIUM HARDNESS AS CACO3 IN ppm
100 MAX
10 MAX
NOT DETECTABLE
TURBIDITY IN NTU
<1
<1
<1
P ALKALINITY AS CACO3 IN ppm
NIL
NIL
NIL
M ALKALINITY AS CACO3 IN ppm
200- 220
200-220
NIL
CHLORIDE AS CACO3 IN ppm
250-300
250-300
NIL
SILICA AS SIO2 IN ppm
5-10
5-10
<0.02
ABOVE PARAMETERS ARE INDICATIVE ONLY IT WILL VARY PLACE TO PLACE AND SOURCE OF WATER. .WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS ARE TO BE CHECKED BEFORE DECIDING WATER TEATMENT PROCESS SELECTION AND APPLIATION OF SUITABLE TECHNOLOGY
THE PROCESS OF DEMINERALISATION:
THE MOST BASIC PROCESS OF DEMINERALISATION THROUGH ION EXCHANGE IS TWO STAGE DEMINERALISATION . THE FIRST STAGE IS REMOVAL OF CATION FOLLOWED BY REMOVAL OF ANIONS.
THE CATION EXCHANGE UNIT CONTAINS A STRONG ACID CATION EXCHANGER IN A REGENERATED FORM. THE EXCHANGER TAKES UP CATIONS IN WATER IN EXCHANE OF HYDROGEN IONS WHICH IT GIVES UP .
THE CATIONS LIKE CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND SODIUM EXIST IN THE FORM OF CHLORIDE, SULPHATE CARBINATE AND BICARBONATE SALTS WHICH GETS CONVERTED TO THEIR EQUIVALENT ACIDS.
CHEMICAL REACTION
NACL + RH = R NA + HCL
SODIUM HYDROGEN SODIUM
CHLORIDE EXCHANGER EXCHANGER
MGSO4 + RH = R2 MG + H2SO4
MAGNESIUM HYDROGEN MAGNESIUM
SULPHATE EXCHANGER EXCHANGER
CA(HCO3) + RH = R2CA + H2CO3
(CO2+H20)
RENEGERATION
RNA + HCL = RH + NA, CA MG CHLORIDESALTS
RCA + H2SO4 = RH + NA, CA MG
SULPHATE
SODIUM, MAGNESIUM, ACID
CALCIUM EXCHANGER
ANION EXCHANGE
HCL + ROH = RCL + H20
HYDRAUXIL CHLORIDE
EXCHANGER EXCHANGER
H2SO4 + ROH = R2SO4 + H20
HYDRAUXIL
EXCHANGER
REGENERATION
RCL + NAOH = ROH + NACL
R2SO4 + 2NAOH = 2ROH + NA2SO4
CARBONATES /BICARBONATES IN THE CATION EXCHANGE PROCESS ARE CONVERTED TO CARBONIC ACID WHICH DISSOCIATES AS IT IS A WEAK ACID, INTO CABONDIOXIDE AND WATER. THIS CARBON DIOXIDE IS REMOVED BY DEGASSED AIR. OTHERWISE IT WOUL BE ABSORBED BY THE STRONG BASE ANON EXCHANGER.
THE STRONG ACID CATION, WEAK BASE ANION,AND STRONG BASE ANION EXCHANGERS ARE REGENERATED WITH SPECIFIC QUALITIES OF ACID AND ALKALI.TO GET A SPECIFIC EXCHANGE CAPACITY . WHEN THIS CAPACITY IS EHAUSTED THE QUALITY OF TREATED WATER DETERIORATES, POINTING TO THE NEED FOR REGENERATION.
WATER SOFTENING
WHEN RAW WATER PASSES THROUGH THE ION EXCHANGE WATER SOFTENER CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IONS IN THE RAW WATER ARE EXCHANGED FOR SODIUM IONS.
THERE IS NO DESCREASE IN THE TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS CONTENT OF THE TREATED WATER.
THERE IS NO CHANGE IN THE PH OR TOTAL ALKALINITY CONTENT.
THE SPECIFIED OUTPUT OF THE SOFTENER IS BASED ON SPECIFIED RAW WATER HARDNESS, IF THERE IS AN INCREASE IN RAW WATER HARDNESS THERE WILL BE A PROPORTIONATE DECREASE IN CAPACITY.
THE RAW WATER HARDNESS MUST BE CHECKED PERIODICALLY.
TREATED WATER HARDNESS MONITORING IS REQUIRED AT THE END OF THE RINSE
Sunday, June 1, 2008
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