E Book SOURCES OF WATER

FREE E BOOK ON WATER
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The main sources of water are
Surface water : sea water can be considered as flowing water
river water flowing water
stream flowing water
lakes, ponds, reservoirs these are all still water

Under ground water: Well and Spring water, Artesian well.
Rain water: It is obtained as a result of evaporation from the surface water forming clouds and comes down as rain. It gathers gaseous impurities and it also quickly absorbs organic and inorganic salts .
The following types of impurities are found in water
Suspended impurities: These impurities are turbidity, color, odour, to water. It may be inorganic ( clay , sand, etc) or organic vegetables, etc
Colloidal impurities: Products from organic waste, finely divided silica and clay are agents which come under colloidal impurities.
Dissolved impurities : It may be due to the presence of dissolved solids carbonates bicarbonates, chlorides, sulphtes of calcium, magnesium, iron, and sodium
Micro organism: These includes bacterias, fungi, and algae.
This bacteriological impurities make water dangerous for human consumption . these disease producing pathogens are introduced into water by animal or vegetable waste and through sewages flowing into water
HARDNESS OF WATER
Hardness of water is that characteristics prvents lathering of soap.
when certain salts of Ca Mg and other heavy metals dissolved in it it makes the water hard in which soaps does not form lather. ( ask for details at kaacconsultant@gmail.com)

TYPE OF HARDNESS
Temporary hardness : Temporary hardness is caused by the presence of dissolved bicarbonates of Calcium, magnesium,other heavy metals and Carbonate of iron.
mainly the salts resposible for temporary hardness are Calcium and magnesium bicarbonate
Temporary hardness can be largely removed by merely boiling of water. Decomposed bicarbonates while boiling produces carbonates or hydroxides which are deposited at the bottom of the vessel as scale.
temporary hardness is also known as carbonate hardness or alkaline hardness
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Prob: A hydrocarbon fuel gave a flue gas
CO 2 % 13.53, O2 % 3.56 , rest nitrogen 82.91 %
a)determine composition of fuel by weight
b)the excess air percentage
c) volume of air supplied per kg. of fuel




soln:
Combustion reaction of Carbon (C)
C + O2 = CO2

This indicates that moles of carbon (C) = moles of CO2=moles of Oxygen (O)

Assuming let dry flue gas is 100 KMOL , so CO2= 13.53 KMol
Thus amount of O 2 in flue gas
= 13.53 ( from CO2) + 3.56( from free O2 in flue gas) = 17.09 K Mol
Given amount of N2 in the flue gas = 82.91 kmol
we know that in 100 kmol 79 Kmol N2 is present

Thus amount of air supplied for combustion = (100/79) X82.91= 104.95 Kmol
Amount of O2 supplied= 104.95x21/100= 22.039= 22.04 kmol
Amount of O2 that has combined with H2= 22.04-17.09= 4.95 kmol
the combustion equation for H2 is H2 +1/2 O2= H2O
So amount of H2 burnt= 2X 4.95= 9.9 Kmol
So amount of H2 burnt= 9.9X2= 19.8 Kg
As 100 kmol of flue gas containing 13.53 kmol of CO2 or 13.53 kmol of C
So of Carbon in the fuel= 13.53 x 12 = 162.36 kg.

Engineering Mechanics STATICS

FORCE
Suppose a body is at rest or of uniform motion , their status of rest or motion is not going to change or tends to change unless a force is applied to the body.
it is a) push b) pull c)twist
Force is a vector quantity
force , how to define a force precisely
1) magnitude 2)direction and 3) point of application

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pressure vessel

Presuure vessel

ASME SEC VIII
ALLOWABLE STRESS LEVEL
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http://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-design-of-pressure-vessel

TUTORING

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RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

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Talk to yourself

I ask you how many hours you talk in average in a day. have anyone has thought about. I say you talk 24 hrs in a day, either with outside world or with your self.
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What you talk to yourself what you beleave. Now what you beleave is you.

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make up water

there are always losses of condensate and water in the water steam circuit. the water added in the feed water to make up for the losses generally termed as makeup water or simply makeup.

percentage of make up = (quantity of make up water/quantity of feed water) x 100

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LEARNERS OF THERMAL POWER PLANT TECHNIQUES MAY SUBMIT THEIR QUESTIONS AND WILL GET THEIR ANSWER IN THIS FORUM. QUESTIONS WILL BE RECEIVED THROUGH EMAIL AND ANSWERS WILL BE GIVEN IN THIS PAGE FOR BENEFIT OF ALL AND FOR DISCUSSIONS FOR ALL.

Dear Friend fro Ludhiana ,India

Thank you for your query, you have identified the surface condenser tube leakage and rectified it. This information will be really helpful to other hundreds and thousands of power plant proffessionals . and Keeping the objective it will be mutually beneficial to all of sharing knowledge and experience.

My dear friend from Kolkata India,
What is pH
Molecules of water, when splits into ions H2O = H + + OH -
The product of the concentrations of this ions if expressed in g-ion/litre at the given temperature Kw = C (OH-).C(H+) is constant, At 298 degree Kelvin Kw = 10 (-14)

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Hide out corrosion

Dear friend, Hide out corrosion occurs under the layers of sludges on water side surfaces . suppose suspended substances form the solid phase. with hide out corrosion the metal suffers local damage. The pits or cavities that form on the metal takes the shape of a shell . Damage of this kind usually occurs underneath the layers.

Steam Water Balance

Dear friend from Bangladesh,
When considering the basic flow diagram of a thermal power plant following flows of feedwater system can be considered a) turbine condensate b)heat distribution system heaters c) regenerative systems condensate d) chemically treated water from water treatment plant. Turbine condensates which is recycled back is also chemically treated rather termed as water conditioning to suit boiler, turbine,heaters, and other equipments metallurgical and variable process requirements to protect against scaling & corrosion,

Turbine Condensate

Dear friend Shrutt
1.Let a natural circulation boiler having Steam Pressure of 40 Kg/Cm2, hardness of turbine condensate must not be over 10 microgram-equivalent/kg.
2. When steam pressure is in between 40 Kg/Cm2 to 100 kg/cm2 hardness of turbine condensate should be restricted to 5 microgram-equivalent/Kg
3. When it is greater than above two cases hardness must not exceed 1 microgram-equivqalent/Kg
4. for once through system it is restricted to 0.5 microgram-equivalent/Kg

Water Chemistry {Prevention of Corrosion}

Dear Mr. Pathak
About High Alkalinity correction method (treatment with ammonia only)
Appreciably this method differs from the alkaline one in that a high Ph value 9.4 -9.5 is maintained in the water condensate circuit at the expence of high ammonia concentration in water. Replacement of the brass tubes is necessary by steel tubes ( made by pearl tic grade).
Please remember at Ph>9.1 corrosion of copper tubes proceed at higher rates and concentration of copper in feedwater increases .Turbine blades are deposited with copper settles . Steam turbine efficiency decreases.

There are many effective and informative e-zine articles, E Books are available in the internet which are free to read for the above and related issues .

Water Treatment preliminary learning

STANDARD SOLUTION PREPARATION:
1. N/50 EDTA SOLUTION: - 3.724 gm. OF ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRAACETIC ACID DISODIUM SALT DISSOLVED IN 1000 ml DISTILLED WATER.
2. N/50 HCL SOLUTION: - 1.8 ml OF CONC. HCL MIXED WITH 1000 ml. OF DISTILLED WATER.
3. N/50 AgNO3 SOLUTION: - 3.398 gm. OF SILVER NITRATE DISSOLVED IN 1000 ml. OF DISTILLED WATER.
4. AMMONIA BUFFER SOLUTION: - 67.6 gm. OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE AND 568 ml. OF AMMONIUM HYDRAUXIDE MIXED UP IN 1000ml. OF DISTILLED WATER.
5. ERIOCHROME BLACK T INDICATOR: - 0.25 ERIOCHROME BLACK T AND 0.25 gm OF HYDRAUXL AMMONIUM HYDROCHLORIDE DISSOLVED IN 50 ml ETHANOL.
6. PHENOPTHALEIN INDICATOR SOLUTON:- 0.25 gm OF PHENOPTHALEIN DISSOLVED IN 50 ml. OF WATER
7. METHYL ORANGE INDICATOR SOLUTION:- 0.1 gm. METHYL ORANGE DISSOLVED IN 100 ml. WATER
8. POTASSIUM CHROMATE SOLUTION :- 5 gm. OF POTASSIUM CHROMATE DISSOLVED IN 100 ml. OF DISTILLED WATER.
9. MUREDIX INDICATOR :- 0.5 gm. OF MUREDIX WITH 100 gm. NaCl
10. HCL SOLUTION :- 100 ml. HYDROCHLORIC ACID MAKE UP IN 100 ml. OF DISTILLED WATER.
11. 10% AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE SOLUTION :- 20 gm. AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE DISSOLVED IN 200 ml. DISTILLED WATER.
12. 10% OXALIC ACID SOLUTION:- 20 gm. OF OXALIC ACID DISSOLVED IN 200 ml. DISTILLED WATER.
13. A.N.S.A. SOLUTION:- 0.25 gm. AMINO NAPTHOL SULPHONIC ACID , 0.5 gm. SODIUMSULPHATE AND 8.25 gm. SODIUM META BI SULPHITE DISSOLVED IN 200 ml. DISTILLED WATER.
14. PHOSPHATE 1 SOLUTION:- 0.85 ml. NITRIC ACID 63 ml. SULPHURIC ACID AND 7.85 gm. AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE DISSOLVED IN 200 ml. DISTILLE WATER.
15. PHOSPHATE 2 SOLUTION:- 0.15 gm. AMINO NAPTHOL SULPHONIC ACID , 8.4 M. SODIUM SULPHITE & 14 gm. SODIUM META BI SULPHITE DISSOLVED IN 200ml. WATER
16. HCL SOLUTION:- 20 ml. CONC. HCL AND DISTILLED WATER 200 ml. MIX.
17. P-DIMETHYL AMINO BENZELDEHYDE SOLUTION :- 15 gm. PDAB DISSOLVED IN CONC. HCL AND MAKE UP WITH DISTILLED WATER UP TO 500ml.

INDICATIVE TYPICAL WATER QUALITY PARAMETES;


PARAMETERS
RAW WATER
SOFT WATER
D.M.WATER

Ph
7.8- 8.0
7.8-8.0
6.8-7.2

CONDUCTIVITY
1000-1100
1000-1100
< 1

TDS IN ppm
670-750
670-750
< 1

TOTAL HARDNESS AS CACO3 IN ppm
250-300
0-50
NOT DETECTABLE

CALCIUM HARDNESS AS CACO3 IN ppm
200 MAX
35 MAX
NOT DETECTABLE

MAGNESIUM HARDNESS AS CACO3 IN ppm
100 MAX
10 MAX
NOT DETECTABLE

TURBIDITY IN NTU
<1
<1
<1

P ALKALINITY AS CACO3 IN ppm
NIL
NIL
NIL

M ALKALINITY AS CACO3 IN ppm
200- 220
200-220
NIL

CHLORIDE AS CACO3 IN ppm
250-300
250-300
NIL

SILICA AS SIO2 IN ppm
5-10
5-10
<0.02






ABOVE PARAMETERS ARE INDICATIVE ONLY IT WILL VARY PLACE TO PLACE AND SOURCE OF WATER. .WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS ARE TO BE CHECKED BEFORE DECIDING WATER TEATMENT PROCESS SELECTION AND APPLIATION OF SUITABLE TECHNOLOGY





THE PROCESS OF DEMINERALISATION:

THE MOST BASIC PROCESS OF DEMINERALISATION THROUGH ION EXCHANGE IS TWO STAGE DEMINERALISATION . THE FIRST STAGE IS REMOVAL OF CATION FOLLOWED BY REMOVAL OF ANIONS.
THE CATION EXCHANGE UNIT CONTAINS A STRONG ACID CATION EXCHANGER IN A REGENERATED FORM. THE EXCHANGER TAKES UP CATIONS IN WATER IN EXCHANE OF HYDROGEN IONS WHICH IT GIVES UP .

THE CATIONS LIKE CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND SODIUM EXIST IN THE FORM OF CHLORIDE, SULPHATE CARBINATE AND BICARBONATE SALTS WHICH GETS CONVERTED TO THEIR EQUIVALENT ACIDS.

CHEMICAL REACTION

NACL + RH = R NA + HCL
SODIUM HYDROGEN SODIUM
CHLORIDE EXCHANGER EXCHANGER

MGSO4 + RH = R2 MG + H2SO4
MAGNESIUM HYDROGEN MAGNESIUM
SULPHATE EXCHANGER EXCHANGER

CA(HCO3) + RH = R2CA + H2CO3
(CO2+H20)



RENEGERATION

RNA + HCL = RH + NA, CA MG CHLORIDESALTS
RCA + H2SO4 = RH + NA, CA MG
SULPHATE
SODIUM, MAGNESIUM, ACID
CALCIUM EXCHANGER






ANION EXCHANGE

HCL + ROH = RCL + H20
HYDRAUXIL CHLORIDE
EXCHANGER EXCHANGER
H2SO4 + ROH = R2SO4 + H20
HYDRAUXIL
EXCHANGER

REGENERATION

RCL + NAOH = ROH + NACL

R2SO4 + 2NAOH = 2ROH + NA2SO4


CARBONATES /BICARBONATES IN THE CATION EXCHANGE PROCESS ARE CONVERTED TO CARBONIC ACID WHICH DISSOCIATES AS IT IS A WEAK ACID, INTO CABONDIOXIDE AND WATER. THIS CARBON DIOXIDE IS REMOVED BY DEGASSED AIR. OTHERWISE IT WOUL BE ABSORBED BY THE STRONG BASE ANON EXCHANGER.
THE STRONG ACID CATION, WEAK BASE ANION,AND STRONG BASE ANION EXCHANGERS ARE REGENERATED WITH SPECIFIC QUALITIES OF ACID AND ALKALI.TO GET A SPECIFIC EXCHANGE CAPACITY . WHEN THIS CAPACITY IS EHAUSTED THE QUALITY OF TREATED WATER DETERIORATES, POINTING TO THE NEED FOR REGENERATION.

WATER SOFTENING

WHEN RAW WATER PASSES THROUGH THE ION EXCHANGE WATER SOFTENER CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IONS IN THE RAW WATER ARE EXCHANGED FOR SODIUM IONS.
THERE IS NO DESCREASE IN THE TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS CONTENT OF THE TREATED WATER.
THERE IS NO CHANGE IN THE PH OR TOTAL ALKALINITY CONTENT.
THE SPECIFIED OUTPUT OF THE SOFTENER IS BASED ON SPECIFIED RAW WATER HARDNESS, IF THERE IS AN INCREASE IN RAW WATER HARDNESS THERE WILL BE A PROPORTIONATE DECREASE IN CAPACITY.
THE RAW WATER HARDNESS MUST BE CHECKED PERIODICALLY.
TREATED WATER HARDNESS MONITORING IS REQUIRED AT THE END OF THE RINSE

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